ᎧᏄᎦᎸ

?ᎧᏄᎦᎸ

ᎧᏄᎦᎸ

Scientific classification

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ:	ᎦᎪᏘae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
ᏗᎦᎪᏗ:	Magnoliopsida
ᎣᎸᏙ:	Rosales
ᏥᏓᎾᎷ:	Rosaceae
Subfamily:	Rosoideae
ᎨᏄᏍ:	Rubus
Subgenus:	Eubatus

Species

Rubus fruticosus - Common Blackberry
and hundreds more microspecies
(the subgenus also includes the ᎭᏎᏄᏓ)

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎦᎪᏘ; ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. ᎠᎴ Europe ᎠᎴ caneberry ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Ꭴ.. (ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Rubus, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Rosaceae) ᎠᏛᏏᏒ 3 m (10 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏩᏂᎨᎢ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ, seedless jellies ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏘᏣᏍᏗ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ Rubus ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ hybridize, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ cultivars ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ thornless/spineless cultivars ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ), ᎯᎠ ᏚᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ pervasive, ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏧᎩᏨᏅᏓ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ, ᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᎦᎸᏗ, hillsides ᎠᎴ hedgerows, colonising ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ iyuwakodi. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ tohi adedi ᎤᏲᎢᏳᏛᎾᎮᏕᎩ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ coloniser wasteland ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎸ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ palmate ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᏦᎢ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎩᎦᎨ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᎬᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏂ, ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᎿᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ ᎩᎨᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ "ᎧᏄᎦᏟ."

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎦᎪᏘ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏫᏒᏅ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏓᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ drupeᎤᎵᏍᎪᎸᏔᏅ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ Ꭲgotlvhi ignelvhi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ drupelets ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏗᏒᏅᎩ ᎠᎾᏗᏒᎯᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᏍᏛᎢ pollinator ᎾᏂᎥ ᏴᏫ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏍᎩ ᎢᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎠᏓᏩᏘᏍᎩ/pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᏩᏅᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎩ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦ ᎣᏏ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ drupelets ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ yvwatuwidv ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ fertilized ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ.

ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎠᏥᎸᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎵ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ ᎤᎳᏏᎩ, fruity ᏩᏚᎵᏏ.

ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ.

ᏦᏕ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ UK ᏗᏂᏂᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ 15th ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎩᎾ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎤᏛᏅᎩ ᎠᏂ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᎠᎦᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏙᏪᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎩᏟ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎣᏂᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎸ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ, wetter ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎸᏙᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᎳ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ infected ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Botrytis, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏦᏯᏍᏗ flavour ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᎯᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ polyphenol antioxidant, ᎢᎬᏩᏍᏗᎭ ᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗᏍᎬ chemicalᎾ ᏰᎵᏇ upregulate ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏙᏗ metabolic processes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ gantlai. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏓᏕᏲᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏧᏍᏈᏯ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᏅᏃᎯᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ accumulated toxinᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᏅᏓᏁᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ European ᎤᏓᏏᏄᏓ (R. caesius) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ, ᎪᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏲᎳᎨᎢᏍᏗ drupelets.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᎦᏛᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏤ Zealand ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎤᏕᎵᎬ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ Rubus armeniacus (syn. R. procerus, 'Himalaya') ᎠᎴ Rubus laciniatus ('ᎦᏌᏆᎸ') ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ invasive ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏢᏲᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᏄᎸ.

ᎯᎠ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ deduced ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ consumed ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᎦᏴᎵ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᏗᏘᏲᎯᎯ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ lyudetiyvda Haraldskaer ᎠᎨᏴ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ consumed 2500 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎢᏳ ᏥᎨᏒ.

'Marion' (marketed ᏥᏄᏍᏗ marionberry) ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ cultivar ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ olallieberry) ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ "ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎢᏧᎳ berries ᎠᎴ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᏟᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᏁᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎠᏑᏴᏗ"[1]. 'Olallie' ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎦᏔᎲᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ 'Loganberry' ᎠᎴ 'Youngberry'. 'Marion', 'Chehalem' ᎠᎴ 'Olallie' ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎧᏄᎦᏟ cultivars ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎧᏄᎦᎸ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᎬ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Corvallis, Oregon. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏞᎬ cultivars ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ thornless cultivars 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏓᎬᎾ' ᎠᎴ 'ᏒᎯᏰᏱ' ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏅ 'Obsidian' ᎠᎴ 'Metolius'. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Waldo', 'Siskiyou', 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ', 'Kotata', 'ᎡᎷᏪᎢ', ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏪᏴ'. ᎦᎳᏄᏂ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᎧᏁᏍᏗ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ.

ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ, ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ USDA-ARS ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Beltsville Maryland. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ thornless, ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ, ᏂᎬᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᏫᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. Cultivars ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ 'Chester Thornless' ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 'ᏦᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎶ', 'ᎥᏓᎵ ᏂᎯ', 'Smoothstem', 'ᎤᏁᎦᎸ ᎤᎦᏔ Thornless', 'Dirksen Thornless', ᎠᎴ 'ᎬᎿᎨ ᎤᏥᏍᏓᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏄᏬ'.

ᎯᎠ ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ ᏲᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ cultivars ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏴᎩ-ᎠᏁᏍᎦᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏤ ᏩᏚᎵᏏ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎾᏍᏕᏢ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ raspberries). ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ thornless ᎠᎴ ᏓᏍᏘᏳᏍᏘ cultivars ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ, ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎠᎴ 'Navaho', 'Ouachita', 'ᏣᎳᎩ', 'ᎠᏓᎯᏍᏗ', 'Arapaho', ᎠᎴ 'Kiowa'