ᎤᎾᎩᎾ

?American Chestnut
American Chestnut leaves and nuts
Scientific classification
ᎴᎬᎾᎻ: Plant Division: Magnoliophyta ᏗᎦᎪᏗ: Magnoliopsida ᎣᎸᏙ: Fagales ᏥᏓᎾᎷ: Fagaceae ᎨᏄᏍ: Castanea Species: C. dentata
Binomial name
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ (Castanea dentata) ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᏕᏡᎬ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎠᎴ southeasternmost ᎨᎾᏓ. ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ hardwood ᏡᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 30-45 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (100-150 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ 3 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (10 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎠᎴ ranged ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎺᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ Ontario ᎻᏏᏏᏈ, ᎠᎴ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ Atlantic ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Ohio ᎤᎨᏓᎵᏴ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ European ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏣᏩᏂᏏ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ. C. dentata ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎬᎢ spaced ᎤᎪᎲᎩ-ᏕᎦᏅᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ Ꮝ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᏚᏙᎥ dentata, ᎳᏗᎾ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ "ᎪᏍᏓᏱ". ᎯᎠ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ 14-20 centimeters (5-8 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᎴ 7-10 centimeters (3-4 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᏯᏖᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏍᏆᎵᎯᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ broader ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.. ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ Ꮝ ᎤᏭᏯᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏚᏕᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ beech ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ beech ᎠᎴ ᏧᏍᎦ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Sapindaceae.

ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ (pollen) catkins

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏱᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏛ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏅᏙ ᎤᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏓᏫᏍᎦᎨ ᎠᏄᏬ. ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏍᏗᎸᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ ᎤᏯᏨᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏡᎬ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ wildlife, ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎶᏒᎩ mast ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ-ᎦᏛᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏯᏔᎯ ᎬᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ ᏬᏱ. ᎬᎿᎨ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏲᏅ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎦᎵᏦᏙᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ.

ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ

ᎠᏲᎵ ᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᎶᎪᏗ

ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ hardwood ᎠᏙᎯ ᏡᎬ, ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ, ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Asian ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ (Cryphonectria parasitica, ᏧᏩᎦᏔᏅᏍ Endothia parasitica) ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎾᎿ imported Asiatic ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎥᏳᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᏕᎶᎰᏒ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Bronx ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1904. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏩᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ, ᎯᎠ airborne ᎤᏯᎸ ᏂᎯ ᎠᏰᏍᏛᏗ 50 ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎯᏍᎩ girdled ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎢᏤ ᏗᏍᏓᏲᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᏚᏱᏢ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎤᏩᏂᎦᎸ ᎠᏲᎱᎯᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎧᎵᏏᏐᏗ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏜᎬ ᏚᏱᏢ ᎢᏅᎯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 6 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (20 ft) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎢᎦᎷᎦ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 3 ᎯᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ Ꮎ 25 ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏃᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Appalachian ᏙᏓᎸ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ 60 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 100. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ (featured ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ Geographic) ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Sherwood, ᎤᏩᎦᏂ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎢᏳᏅᏁᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏅ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Revelstoke, ᎩᎵᏏ Columbia.

ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ sapling ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ. ᏌᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏙᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᏛ-ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏰᎯᏯ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎳ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏗᏂᎳᏫᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏁᎶᏗᏍᎩ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎨᎾᏓ, ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ontario. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ backcrossing ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ × ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ, ᎠᏢᏔᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ intercrossing ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ reintroduce ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 2005, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏡᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ genes ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎧᏅ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎦᎪᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎠᎩᏒᎯ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎢᏗᎬᎾᏗ backcrossing ᎪᏢᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ. Overall, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏚᎩ ᎡᎵᏒ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᏅᎢᏍᏔᏃᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏥᎵᏱᏙᎲ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ 2010.

ᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Jackson ᏍᎦᏚᎩ, ᏔᎾᏏ. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎣᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 61 cm (24 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ) ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ 23 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (75 ft) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ pollinated ᎬᏙᏗ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ pollen ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎦᎫᏍᏓᎥ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏁᏉᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ genes ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ 18 ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ 2006, biologist ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏱ ᏗᎦᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᎷᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, ᏣᏥᏱ. ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗᏇ 20-30 ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᎴ 13 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (40 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ southernmost ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏡᎬ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎣᏍᏛ [1]. ᏄᏓᎴ ᎡᏆ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Talladega ᎬᎾᏕᎾ ᎠᏙᎯ ᎢᎾᎨ, ᎠᎳᏆᎹ ᎾᎿ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ 2006.[2]. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 26 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ (85 ft) ᎢᏅ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ 35 centimeters (14 ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ). ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎡᏆ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, hypovirulence (ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ ᏂᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎥᏳᎩ), ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎡᏆ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏒᏅ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-causing ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.

ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ

ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎩ ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎳᏏᏅᏙᏗ resource ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Ꭴ.., ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏕᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᏚᎲ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏂᏍᏓᏲᎯᎲ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ "ᎠᎵᏢᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ" ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏊ ᏱᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ identifiable ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏍᏆᎳ ᏗᏍᏆᎵᏛ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ). ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏄᏩᎾᏒᎾ ᎠᎴ roasted, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ preferably roasted. ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ European ᎤᎦᎾᏍᏛ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏊ ᎦᎾᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᏓᎾᏅ. ᏌᏊ ᎠᏎ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏬᏗᎨ ᎦᏁᎦ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ yellowish-ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ-ᎤᎾᎩᎾ' "conker" ᎠᎴ ᏗᏄᏬ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏥᏃᏍᏛ-grained, ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ, ᏩᎾᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᎲᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏡᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎯᎠ radial ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ hardwoods. ᎯᎠ ᏡᎬ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎨᏒ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᏯ ᎠᏓᎾᏅᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏧᏍᎦ. ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏪᎾᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ tannin, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ, ᏗᏍᏡᏴ-ᏐᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏐᏴ, ᏒᏓᎷᎩ, ᎣᏪᏅᏒ ᎠᏁᏍᎨᎲ, ᎠᏯᏖᏃᎯ, ᏗᏓᎨᏗ, plywood, paperpulp, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏏᎳᏛ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. Tannins ᎨᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎲᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏯᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏣᏓᏪ ᎦᏃᏥ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᏡᎬ ᎠᎴ Ꮭ ᎦᏅᎯᏓᎨ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏍᏙᏍᎩᏱ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ Ꮭ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏐᏈᎵ ᎤᏂᏴᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ refashioned ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᎵᏦᏕ ᎠᏅᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. "Wormy" ᎤᎾᎩᎾ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎦᎷᎶᎩ ᎠᏲᏓᏅ ᎠᏓ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ sawn ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎤᏲᎱᏒ ᎠᏲᎶᎬ-ᎠᏥᎸᎩ ᏕᏡᎬ. ᎪᎯ "wormy" ᎠᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎦᏁᎸ ᎠᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

• Flora of North America
• The American Chestnut Foundation
• American Chestnut Cooperators Foundation
• Canadian Chestnut Council
• National Geographic article
• The American Chestnut Tree, reprinted from American Forestry, 1915
• Chestnut in the Future, reprinted from American Forestry, 1915
• Castanea dentata images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
• Rare American Chestnut Trees Discovered (Washington Post, May 19, 2006)
• Resurrecting The American Chestnut