ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏡᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎯᎠ disambiguation ᎤᏆᏓᏛ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ" ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏐᎢ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᎾᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ phenomena ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ filamentation

Play media

ᎡᎶᎯ coronal ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ gases. "Ionized" ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ electron ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ dissociated ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗᎪᏢᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ.

ᎪᎯ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ identified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ (ᎠᎴ Crookes ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ William Crookes ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1879 (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ "ᏚᎸᏌᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ"). ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ Crookes ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ "cathode ᎠᏨᏍᏛ" ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ identified ᎾᎥᎢ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ J.J. Thomson ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1897, ᎠᎴ dubbed "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ" ᎾᎥᎢ Irving Langmuir ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1928 , ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᎦᏅᏓᏗᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎩᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ . Langmuir ᎤᏬᏪᎳᏅ:

"ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ electrodes, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏲᎵ electrons, ᎯᎠ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ions ᎠᎴ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᏗᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᎠᏎᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏘᏴᎾ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ions ᎠᎴ electrons."

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵ ᏗᎪᎥᎯ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ electromagnetic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏚᎶᎩᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ion ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ionizing ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, stripping electron ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ enabling ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ.

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 99% ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᎸᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ interstellar- ᎠᎴ intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ), ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏕᎳ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.1% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎴ 10⁻¹⁵% ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᏨᏍᎩᏃ. ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Hannes Alfvén ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ Ꮎ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ, ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ).

ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ
ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ TVs ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fluorescent ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ(ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏨᏍᏛᏍᎬ), neon ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏰᎵ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ spacecraft ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ reentry ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ welder ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ (ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᎬᎾᏕᎾ) ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᏓᎷᎦᏅ dielectric ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ integrated ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ	ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ (ie. ᎠᏥᎸ) ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏒᎯᏰᏱ. Elmo ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏥᎸ Sprites, elves, jets ᎯᎠ ionosphere ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ aurorae	Space ᎠᎴ astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏙ ᎢᎦ ᎡᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏃᏈᏏ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ) ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ interplanetary ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ) ᎯᎠ interstellar ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏃᏈᏏ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ) ᎯᎠ Intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ (ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ galaxies) ᎯᎠ Io-ᎤᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏍᏉᎳᏗᏍᎬ-ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ Interstellar ᎤᏬᎩᎸe

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ parameters

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ) parameters. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎢᏧᎳ ᏗᎪᏏᏐᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ parameters, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interact ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ qualitative ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ gases.

ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ "plasma fountain", ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ, helium, ᎠᎴ hydrogen ions Ꮎ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎸᏕᎸ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎾᏓᏛᏁ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ; ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ borealis-ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏲᏒᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ quasineutral ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᏦᎢ criteria ᎾᏍᏋ ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏅ:

1. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ: ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ Ꮎ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ neighboring ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ, ion ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎿᏗᏢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏎᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏰᎵ" ᎯᎠ ion, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Debye ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏯᏛᎿ ion ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ions ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ (ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter, Λ), ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᏆ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ electrostatic ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎨᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ.
2. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ: ᎯᎠ Debye ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ (ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎭᏢᏃ boundaries ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ.
3. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ electron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ (ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ) ᎠᎴ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ electromagnetic ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ damped ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎢᏳᏂᏪᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Λ>>1, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎦᎳᏫᎢᏍᏗ Lambda ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter (ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏚᎬ ᎪᏪᎵ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ parameter ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Λ = 1/N_D, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ, N_D = (4π n λ_D³) /3, ᎭᏢᏃ n ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ λ_D ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ . ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ Λ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ summaried ᎡᎳᏗᏢ :

ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ	ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameter ᎢᎦᎢ
	Λ<<1	Λ>>1
Coupling	ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ	ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏔᎵ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ
Debye ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ	ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ populated	ᎠᏫᏒᏗ populated
Electrostatic ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ	ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎦᏌᏆᎸ	ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ
ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ	ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ	ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ
ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ	ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ-ᎠᏫᏒᏗ laser ᎪᏣᎴᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ "ᎤᏴᏢ" "ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ" ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ / neutron ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎳᏍᎦᎶᏗ	Ionospheric ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ Astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Nuclear ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ

ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters

ᎯᎠ Heliospheric current sheet, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ Sun ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ interplanetary medium (Solar Wind) .

ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ, ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏂᏱᏍᎩ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ electron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ properties ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ parameters ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏠᏱ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ scaling). ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᏙᏗ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ quark gluon ᎠᏣᏅᏙ:

	ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters: ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ (OOM)
ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ	ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ	ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ
ᏂᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ metres	10−6 m (lab ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) 102 m (ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ) (~8 OOM)	10−6 m (spacecraft ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ) 1025 m (intergalactic ᎤᏬᎩᎸ) (~31 OOM)
ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵᏁ	10−12 (laser-ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) 107 (fluorescent ᏓᏨᏍᏛ) (~19 OOM)	101 (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ) 1017 (intergalactic ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) (~17 OOM)
ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ cubic metre	107 m-3 1032 m-3 (inertial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)	1030 (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ) 100 (ᎠᏯ.e., 1) (intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ)
ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ kelvins	~0 K (ᏨᏕᎨᏫ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) 108 K (magnetic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)	102 K (ᏑᎾᎴᎢ) 107 K (ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ)
Magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ teslas	10−4 T (Lab ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) 103 T (pulsed-ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ)	10−12 T (intergalactic ᎠᏰᎵᏇ ᎢᏴ) 1011 T (ᎾᎥᏂᎨ neutron ᎠᏂᏃᏈᏏ)

ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization

ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏗ, ionization ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏤᎸ) electrons, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ controlled ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ionized ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 1% ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ (ᎠᏯ.e. ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ conductive). ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization, α ᎨᏒᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ α = n_ᎠᏯ/(n_ᎠᏯ + n) ᎭᏢᏃ n_ᎠᏯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ions ᎠᎴ n ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ.

ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ electrode ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎾᏓᏎᎮᎲᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ electrons ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎧᏃᎮᎭ ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ recombined ᎬᏙᏗ ions. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ.

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Kelvin ᎠᎴ electron volts, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ (ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎬ) ᎠᏟᎶᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏕᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅᎯ, ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Maxwellian ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ UV ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ, ᎯᎠ electrons ᎦᎷᏨ thermodynamic ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᎷᏨ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ion ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ (ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ) ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ionized technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ.

ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎠᎨᏔᏗᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ionization ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ Saha ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ionized, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ (ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ 1%) ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ionized (ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏎᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ). ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ "ᎤᏴᏢ" ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ utilized ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ ("technological ᎠᏣᏅᏙ") ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ.

Densities

ᏐᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ" ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏩᏎᎯᎰᎢ ᎯᎠ electron ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎯᎠ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ electrons ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏌᏊᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎯᎠ ion ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ $\langle Z\rangle$ ᎯᎠ ions ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ $n_{e}=\langle Z\rangle n_{i}$. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ quasineutrality ᎡᎳᏗᏢ.) ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢᏁ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ $n_{0}$. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᎴᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏙᎢ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎢᎦᏘ ionization ᎨᏒᎢ $n_{i}/(n_{0}+n_{i})$.

ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ

Lightning ᎨᏒᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᏙᎠ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ 30 ᎠᎦᏴᎵ amps, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 100 ᎢᏳᏆᏗᏅᏓ volts, ᎠᎴ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ, ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, x-ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ gamma ᎠᏨᏍᏛ . ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎾᏄᎪᎢᏍᏗ 28,000 kelvins ᎠᎴ electron densities ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ 10<ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ>24</ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ>/m<ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ>3</ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ>.

ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏗᎦᏣᏄᎶ ᎤᎾᏣ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᏚᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ. ᎢᏳᏃ electrode ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᏅᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, Ꮝ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏫᎵ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ Debye ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ. ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏚᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏗ quasineutrality, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏗᎭ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎡᎵᏍᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ($n_{e}=\langle Z\rangle n_{i}$), ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎾᎿᎢ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ imbalance. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ.

ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏕᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎥᏩᏘᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎣᏏ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ Boltzmann ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ, $n_{e}\propto e^{e\Phi /k_{B}T_{e}}$. Differentiating ᎪᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏎᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ: ${\vec {E}}=(k_{B}T_{e}/e)(\nabla n_{e}/n_{e})$.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ quasineutral. electron ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏎ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎢᏳᏃ ᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏤᏫᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏨᏍᏙᏗ electrostatic ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ.

ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ astrophysical ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, Debye ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ (ie. ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ). ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ. ᎪᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏁᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᏗᎦᏘᎴᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵ ᏍᎪᎯ Debye ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ interacting ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏩᏒ-generated magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏓᏕᏲᎲᏍᎬ magnetohydrodynamics.

Magnetization

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏌᎳᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏪᏒᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ magnetized. ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎠᏕᏲᎲ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ: $\omega _{ce}/\nu _{coll}>1$. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ electrons ᎠᎴ magnetized ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ. Magnetized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ anisotropic, ᎦᏛᎬᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ properties ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᎯᎠ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ magnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ Debye ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ.

ᎤᏠᏱ ᎾᎬᏁᎲ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩᏁ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏦᎢ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ-ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ; ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎦᎾ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᏓᏓᏁᏟᏴᏎᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ Ꮭ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏃ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ properties ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ:

ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᏂᎬᎿᏅ	ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ	ᎠᏣᏅᏙ
ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ	ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎣᏍᏛ insulator, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏎᎮᎸᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ voltage ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎭᏢᏃ ᏧᏯᏅᎯ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏫᏛᏗ 110,000 Volts. ᎦᎸᎳᏗ voltages ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏄᎸᎲᏍᎩ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ fluorescent ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ neon ᎪᏪᎶᏗ	ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᏜ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ voltage ᎪᎭᏍᎬ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏊ ᎤᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏎᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ Boltzmann ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏝᏅᏓᏕᎲ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏂᏔᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ magnetic ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏚᏓᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎡᏆ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ, ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏪᏴ. ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ phenomena ᎠᎴ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ magnetic ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ-ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏓᎾᏓᏅᏍᎬᎢ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏭᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ gravitational ᎠᏂᏌᏙᏯᏍᎩ.
ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ	ᏌᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ, influenced ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ	ᏔᎵ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢ Electrons, ions, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏂᏚᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᎲᎢ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ velocities ᎠᎴ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ instabilities
ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ	Maxwellian ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ:	ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎬᏙᏗ-Maxwellian ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ collisional ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᏂᎪᎯᎸᎢ ᎦᏂ Maxwellian ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ velocities ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ Coulomb ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎿᏩᏍᏛ ᎾᎿ ᎨᏒ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏔᏃᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ phenomena ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᏔᎵ-ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ-ᎤᏣᏘᎾ electrons.
ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ	ᏔᎵ ᏔᎵ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᏦᎢ-ᎠᏰᎸ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ.	ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ interacts ᎠᎵᎪᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᏍᎪᎯ itsuwakodi ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏔᎵ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.

ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ phenomena

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎯᎠ underlying ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ behavior ᎨᏒᎢ extraordinarily ᏚᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᏅᎦᏖᏃᎲᎾ behavior ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏓᏅᏒᎯ ᎠᎴ disordered behavior, ᎠᎴ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ, ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ, ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ randomness. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎵᏯ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ spatial ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ, spatially ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ (ᎯᎠ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ), ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ fractal ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎤᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ recognized ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:

• Filamentation, ᎯᎠ striations ᎠᎴ "ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ" ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎬ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎶᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ densities, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ magnetic ᏍᏕᏱᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎷᎩᏍᎩ ᏍᏕᏱᏛ. (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ)

• ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᎦᏍᏓᏁᎸ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ properties. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ localized ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎡᏆ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏱᎩ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏗᎦᎾᏗᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏛᏁ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏓᏃᏢᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏫᏗᏍᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎦᏣᏄᎳᎯᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᎳ ions ᎠᎴ electrons.

• ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ: Quasineutrality ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ Ꮎ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Kirchhoff ᎤᏤᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏧᏂᎧᎿᏩᏛᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏩᎿᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ inductance. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏎ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ behavior ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎦᏛᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᎯ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏓ coupling ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᏧᏓᎴᎩ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎬᏙᏗ nonlinearity, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ behaviour. ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᎾᏅ inductive (magnetic) ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏗᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ disrupted, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ, ᎯᎠ inductive ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏫᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ. ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ, magnetic-ᏠᎨᏏ-ᎢᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ generically ᏩᏎᎸᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Birkeland ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ), ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏑᎾᎴᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏕᎬᏔᏛ.

• ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏯᏙᎵ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ properties ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ magnetization, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ, ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏁᎸ-ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ magnetosphere, heliosphere, ᎠᎴ heliospheric ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ.

• ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ ionization ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᏢᏥᏙᎯ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏰᎵ ionized ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ energize ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ electron. ᎪᎯ energisation ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎩᎳ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ionization, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏰᎵᏇ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ionize ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎤᏓᏚᎯᏌᏘ phemonema ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎦᏂ ᎪᏍᏓᏯ spatial ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎨᎦᏃᏗ.

Ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

Saturn's rings ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎲ dusty plasma (ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ colour ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ)

ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎪᏢᏗ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ lasers ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ 1 mK ᎡᎳᏗᎨ. ᏄᏓᎴ laser ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ionizes ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎯᎠ outermost electrons ᎣᏍᏛ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏗᏓᎩᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᏓᎦᏴᎵᎨ ion.

ᎯᎠ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᎥᎢ manipulating ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ lasers, ᎯᎠ kinetic ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎯᎠ ᏣᏥᏲᎯᏍᏗ electrons ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ controlled. ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ pulsed lasers, ᎯᎠ electron ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᏗᏓᏛᎪᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ 0.1 K ­ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ bandwidth ᎯᎠ laser ᏧᏩᏚᏃᎯ. ᎯᎠ ions, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᎢᎬᏁᎸ ᎯᎠ millikelvin ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ultracold ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᏗᎳᏏᏙᏗ ᏗᏛᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ Ꮝ behavior ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎾᏅᏁᎲ. ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎾᏛᏁᎲᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ recombination behavior Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏂᎬᏁᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎠᏆᏤᎵ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ.

ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎴᎩ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏗᏍᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ sizeable ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ ("quasineutrality"). ᎠᏣᏅᏙ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎶᏒᏍᏗ ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᏛ ᎧᏁᏌᎢ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ. ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, electron ᎤᎶᎩᎸ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Penning ᏌᏛᏗ, ᎠᎴ positron ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.

ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ

ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏗᎫᏮᎶᏔᏅ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎪᏍᏚᎭ (ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ) Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎳᏏᎾᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏕᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏛᏒ ᎤᎦᏔ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.

ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ

ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎪᏪᎶᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ velocities, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ electromagnetic ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᏅᎢ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ, ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏗᎦᎪᏘ:

ᎦᎾ

ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ smoothed ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ averaged ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters). ᏌᏊ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ, magnetohydrodynamics, ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎦᎾ ᎨᎦᏓᏅᏖᎮᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ Maxwell ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ Navier Stokes ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏂᎦᎥ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵ-ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏢᏃ ᎯᎠ ions ᎠᎴ electrons ᎠᎴ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢᎭ. ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ collisionality ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵᏊ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎠᏍᏚᏗ Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎠᏕᏴᎠᏍᎬ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ spatial ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏝᏰᎵ ᎠᏥᏂᏱᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ interpenetrating ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ-ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ.

Kinetic

Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎢᏰᎵᏍᏗ Maxwell-Boltzmann ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ. kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ collisionless ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏔᎵ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ approaches kinetic ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ. ᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏓᏛᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ smoothed ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎤᏯᎾᏛᏁᏗ ᎾᎿ grid ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ-ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎦᏁᎸ (PIC) technique, ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏗ kinetic ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏗᏒ ᎯᎠ trajectories ᎡᏆ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. Kinetic ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᎥᏊ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ computationally intensive ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎦᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ.

ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ

ᎦᎳᏅᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ thruster. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏘ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗᏱ ᎾᎾᎢ accelerating ions, Ꮎ ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ion ᎠᏱᎴᎦ

ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ. ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎠᎴ organised ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏂᏏᎳᏛ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᎦᏙᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏏᎾᏒᎢ .

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ equilibria ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏥᏅᏏᏓᏍᏗ ᏧᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎦᎾᎳᏗᏍᏗ Guiding ᎠᏰᎵ Adiabatic invariant Debye ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Coulomb ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ionosphere ᎤᏜᏅᏛ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ, e.g. ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ plasmasphere (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ magnetosphere ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ) ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎡᎶᎯ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ

ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᎦᏛ Thomson ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ Langmuir ᎠᎦᏛᏗ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ Interferometry Ionospheric ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ ᏙᎯ ᎠᏕᏗ ᎠᏗᎦᎴᏯᏍᏗ radar ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᏗᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ Magnetic ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (MFE) — tokamak, stellarator, reversed ᏠᎨᏏ ᏗᏓᏇᏄᎩᏍᏗ, magnetic ᏓᏎᏘ, ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎠᏰᎵ Inertial ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ (IFE) (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ Inertial ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ — ICF) ᎠᏣᏅᏙ-ᏚᎳᏏᏔᏅᎩ weaponry

ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ

ᎤᎧᎾᏫ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎬ. ᎠᏥᎸ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ.

ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

• ᎠᏣᏅᏙ parameters
• Magnetohydrodynamics
• ᎠᎾᎦᎵᏍᎩ ᏠᎨᏏ ᏦᎳᏅ ᎤᏯᏅ
• ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ
• ᎡᏆ ᏓᏍᏟᏁᎦ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ
• ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏚᏂᏃᏣᎳᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ

ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

• Plasma ᏍᏆᎳᎢ ᎾᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏅᏬᏗ, ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎯᎠ fluorescent tube ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ. ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎠᏝᎥᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ "ᎠᏣᏅᏙ" ᎠᎴ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏔᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ,   Plasma Physics — History.

• Plasmas: the Fourth State of Matter
• Plasma Science and Technology
• Plasma on the Internet ᏂᎦᏛ ᏙᎪᏩᎸ ᎠᏣᏅᏙ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ.
• Introduction to Plasma Physics: a graduate level lecture course given by Richard Fitzpatrick
• An overview of plasma links and applications
• NRL Plasma Formulary online (ᎠᎴ html version)
• Plasma Coalition page
• Plasma Material Interaction
• How to build a Stable Plasmoid at One Atmosphere (ᎧᏁᎦ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ-ᎠᎦᎾᏫᏗᏍᎩ)
• How to build a Stable Plasmoid with this Enhanced Generator (ᎣᏩᏒ-igniting)
• How to make a glowing ball of plasma in your microwave with a grape
• Microwave Grape Plasma (Video)