ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ. ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ salty, ᎪᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ 1.8 °C. ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏁᏉᏍᏗ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ. ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ blocked ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ-ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏔᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᏧᏆᎫᎣᏔᏅᏒ. ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ floe ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 10 kilometers (ᏑᏓᎵ ᎢᏳᏟᎶᏛ) ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᏭᏔᏅ ᏂᎦᏅᎯᏒ. Wider ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏴᏢᎾ calve ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1979, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏂᎦᏲᎵ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎪᎳᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ.
Contents
ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ[edit]
ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏁᏌᏴᏟ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᏓᏠᏯᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ 100–150 m, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎯᎠ pycnocline ᎤᏁᏉᏨᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ.
- ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏙᎯᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎹ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, ᎤᎩᏓᎵ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ 2-3 mm. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᎭ Ꮝ c-ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᏏᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ hexagonal, ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᏗᏓᏁᏍᏙᏗ atsinuqowisgv ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ c-ᎨᏛᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎷᏚᎧᏘ. ᎯᎠ dendritic ᏗᏂᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎧᏃᎨᏂ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ. ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᎤᏓᏅᏗ ᎠᎾᎵᏖᎸᎲᏍᎬ ᎦᏁᏰᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎤᏗᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ kanquotsegi ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ frazil ᎠᎴ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᎷᏪᎢ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎯᎠ frazil ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᏌᎨᎢ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ; ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ nilas. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎦᏲᎵ centimetres ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎸᏑᏘ (ᎤᎳᏏᎩ nilas) ᎠᎴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ thicker ᎯᎠ nilas ᎠᎩᏍᎪᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏍᎪᎸ ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏛ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ. ᏌᏊ ᎢᏳᏩᎫᏗ nilas ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi, ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎯᎠ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ, ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏛᏏᏗᏒ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᏚᏓᏲᏒᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏏᏴᏫ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏕᏘᏴᏌᏗᏒ ᎠᏙᏯᏅᎯᏗᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ 1.5–2 m.
- ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎹ, ᎢᏤᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎴᎾᎯᏛ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎴᏍᎬ. ᎯᎠ uppermost ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ supercooled ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎪᏍᏓᏱ, ᎾᎾᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ platelets, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ frazil ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ frazil ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ mushy ᎦᏚᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. Frazil ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏂᎩᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏥᎤᎶᏒᎩ, ᎤᏟ ᎬᏰᎸᏗ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ supercooling.
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎯ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ, ᎯᎸᏍᎩ metres ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎯᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᎵᏍᏓ ᏗᎫᎪᏙᏗ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ upturned ᎠᏍᏛᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᏖᎵᏙ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎾᏍᏋ rafted ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏄᏓᎴ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏌᏊ ᎢᎬᏁᎸᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᏯᏛᎿ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ.
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏩᏌᏊ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎢᏤᎢ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎧᏃᎯᏯᏍᏗ, ᎨᏒᎢ expelled ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎠᎴ consolidating ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ (ᎠᎴ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ) ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.
ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ[edit]
ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ignelvhi ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ seawater ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎠᎴ coverage ᎧᏁᏉᎠ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎪᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎯᎠ ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏏᏅᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ Antarctica. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ seasonal, ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ, ᎠᏒᎾᏍᏗᏱ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎢᏗᎦᏗ Ꮎ Antarctica ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ. ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ, ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 1 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ (ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏓᎦᏚᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏚᎦᏘᎸᏒ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎡᏆ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ seasonal ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ, ᏫᏄᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ multi-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎠᎴ thicker: ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 3–4 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏣᎴᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ 20 ᎠᏎᎯᎯ ᎤᎭᎨᏛ.
ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏒ melted ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎪᎨᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᎸᏉᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ: ᎯᎠ ᎤᏴᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏴᏩᏚᏫᏛ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏚᏓᎸᎾ-circulating ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎢᏗᏢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ, krill ᏰᎵᏇ ᎠᏍᏛᎪᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ algae ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ krill ᎠᏓᏬᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ upside ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᏌᏊ gantlai (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ) ᎨᏒᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢᎪᎯᏳᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎹ.
ᎤᏓᏂᏝᏅ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ[edit]
Climatic ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴ[edit]
ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᎵᏖᎸᏗ ᎠᎽᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ (ᏗᎦᏃᏢᎩ) ᎤᎦᎾᏩ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘ colder ᎤᏃᎴ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ, ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᏥ, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᎭ ᎦᎸᎳᏗ albedo — ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 0.8 — ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᎸᏉᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ sunlight ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᏗᏓᎴᎲᏍᎬ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ (ᏄᏍᏛ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ) "ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ". ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏴᏢ, ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ Ꮝ ᎠᎹ ᎣᏍᏛ ᎤᏓᏅᏘ (ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎤᏓᏅᎦᎸᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ salinity ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏓᏓᏘᏂᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗes, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎹ. ᎪᎯ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏘᎭ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ thermohaline ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏛᏁᎸ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ processes ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗling.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏓᏛᏂᏌᏁᎲ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎦᎪᏗ ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ-ᎤᏯᏅᎲ Odden ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏅᎪ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Greenland ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ Odden (ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎨᏒᎢ Norwegian ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ) ᎠᏛᏍᎦ eastward ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎧᎸᎬ Greenland ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ 72–74°N ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎳ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏙᎲᎩ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Jan Mayen ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏥᏍᏆᏙᏏᏰᏛ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎹ eastward ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ Greenland ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏜᏅᏛ. ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏫᎬᎵᏱᎴᎩ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ, ᎤᏱᎵᏒᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏛ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᏄᏪᏍᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏤ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ frazil ᎠᎴ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏐᏅ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏓᏯᏍᏗ ᎦᏐᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎪᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎹ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏫᏒᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎢᎦᎵᏍᏙᏗ, ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎡᏆ ᎤᏒᏙᏂ (2500 m ᎠᎴ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ), ᎠᏃᏢᏍᎬ ᎪᎯ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎭᏢᏃ ᎪᎳ ᏫᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛ ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ iyahdvnelidasdi ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏛᎩ ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ thermohaline ᏓᎾᏗᎦᎴᏴᏍᎬ.
ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ[edit]
ᏧᏳᎪᏗᏯ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᏍᏛᎢ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ 1970s, ᎯᎠ Scanning Multichannel Microwave ᏗᏓᎨᏗ (SMMR) ᎾᎿ Seasat (1978) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏬᎩᎸ 7 (1978-1987) ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎠᏓᏃᎯᏎᏗ Ꮎ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎤᎾᏤᎵᏛ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏨᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏂᏚᏓᏂᏴᏒᏂ microwave ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᎪᏢᎯᏌᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ DMSP F8 ᎤᏤᎵᏛ Sensor Microwave/Imager SSMI ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ 1987.
ᎯᎠ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1979 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ Ꮎ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏄᏓᎷᎸᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ, ᎥᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗᏍᎬ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ iyuwakodi ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ &ᎪᏣᎴᏍᏗ;2.5% ± 0.9% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᎴ ᎬᏩᏚᏫᏛ 3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ (Cavalieri ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2003). ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏴᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎦᎾᏮ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎪᎯ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ [1], ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ anthropogenic forcing. ᎯᎠ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏫᎬᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ 1979-2004 ᎨᏒᎢ lyudetiyvda ᎾᎥᎢ 7.7% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ (Stroeve ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2005). ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ 2002, ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᏭᎷᏨᎩ ᎪᏪᎸ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ (Serreze ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ. 2003), 4% ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎬᎫ ᏧᏩᎫᏔᏅ ᏚᎵᏍᏗ ᎣᏂ ᏧᏩᎫᏛ 1978, ᎠᎴ 14% ᎡᎳᏗᎨ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ 1978-2000 ᎤᏁᎫᏥᏛ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ tsuqagutanvsv, ᎡᎳᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏓᏗᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨ-ᏄᎶᏒᏍᏛᎾ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎠᎴ 2002 ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏓ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏓ, ᎢᏧᎳ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ matched ᎯᎠ 2002 ᎪᏪᎸ. ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ 0.8% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ [2] ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎪᎯ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ. Vinnikov ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ GRL, 2006 ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎯᎠ NH ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ SH ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ modelling ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ 52-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ 1948 1999 Rothrock ᎠᎴ Zhang (2005) ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ -3% ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᏍᎩ; ᎠᏍᏆᎵᏍᏗ ᎪᎯ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ-ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᎠᎴ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏓᎾᏛᏁᎵᏍᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏏᏴᏫ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᎬᏂᏌᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏁᏌᏴᏢ forcing.
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ overall ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᏘᏴᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ areal ᏫᎬᏍᏗ. ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏓᏡᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᎭ yli iyulistanv ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏃᎮᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ areal ᏫᎬᏍᏗ, ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᏯᏛᎲᎢ ᏗᏟᎶᏛ ᏂᎦᏰᏙᎲ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ.
ᎪᎨᏱ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ[edit]
ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏍᏗ, ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᏛᎢ ᎤᎾᏥ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎣᏂᏱᏳ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏕᎭᎷᏱ. ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎯᎠ snowcover ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎥᏓᎵ (meltwater ᎦᏁᎲ)ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎾᎿ ᎢᎬᏱ ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎳ (ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎭᏢᏃ ridged), ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏅᏬᏓ, ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ, ᎠᎴ ᏄᏦᏍᏛᎾᏊ ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᎯ ᏂᎬᏁᎸ ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᎾᏥ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ ᏌᎷᏱ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎪᎨᏱ ᏗᏱᎸᏍᏔᏅ, ᏱᏂᎬᏛᎾ, ᎪᎯ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏍᏆᏂᎪᏗ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏑᏰᏛ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᏅ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᏄᏍᏛ ᏨᏓᏓᎨᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ 15–40% ᎯᎠ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎦᎶᏍᎬ ᎾᎿ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏠᏱᎭᎢ 40–70% ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏰᎸᎭ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ.
ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ deeper ᎠᎴ wider ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᏭᎵᏱᎶᎸ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ, ᎦᏬᎯᎸᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ floes, ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎦᎾᏭ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎾᎾᎢ Ꮝ thinnest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎤᏤᎵ deepest ᎪᏍᏓᏱ. ᎯᎠ downrush ᎠᎹ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎵᏍᏚᎢᎠ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎬᏂᎦᎳᏍᏗ ᎦᎾᏰᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᎿ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ, ᏏᏴᏫ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎡᏆ ᎡᏍᎦᏂ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎦᏚᎢ. ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᏯᏛᎿ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏨᎢ "ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏂᎧᎾᏁᏍ", ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ "ᎠᏰᎸ" ᎠᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ "ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ" ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᏚᏦᏔᏩᏘ ᏫᏂᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ.
ᎯᎠ underside ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎫᏢᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎦᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ. ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎨᏒᎢ thinner ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᏁᏨ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏴᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ. ᎪᎯ ᏂᏕᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ enhanced ᏓᎬᏩᎶᏛ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᏓᏎᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ ᏗᏗᎦᎴᏴ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎪᎨᏱ undulating ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎢᏧᎳ ᎾᎿ Ꮝ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᏂ ᏗᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏚᎳᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎠᎾᏍᎬᏘ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎦᏟᏐᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ underside ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ-ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎦᏁᎲ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ refreeze ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᎪᎲᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎤᏣᏘᎾ ᎯᎠ underside, ᎠᏓᏅᏍᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏂᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ.
| Extent of the Arctic ice-pack 2002-2004 (NSIDC) | ||
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ᏭᎵᏍᏆᏙᏅ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ Ꮝ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎡᎳᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ, ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎾᏛᏁᎲ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏱᎴᎦ ᎠᏥᏄᏉᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᎭ. ᎪᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏏᎾᏍᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏗ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎯᎠ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎠᎹᎭ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ-ᏑᏕᏘᏴᏓ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ. ᎯᎠ hydrostatic ᎠᏍᎪᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ meltwater ᏓᏓᏁᎳᏁ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏱᎵᏒ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ, ᎠᎴ interconnecting ᏓᎧᏁᎲ ᎠᏍᏚᎢᏍᎬ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᏳᎵᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏂᎪᏍᏙᏗ. ᎠᏓᏁᎸ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ properties ᎠᎺᏉᎯ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᎠᎵᏍᎦᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎹᎭ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ, ᎪᎯ implies Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎵᏬᎯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎪᏢᏗ ᏩᎵᏃᎯᏯᏍᎬ ᎤᏁᏍᏓᎳ ᏗᎬᎯᏓ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ Ꮝ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎪᎳ ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏄᏍᏛᎢ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏣᏘ ᎡᏆ ᎢᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮝ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎪᎳ.
ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ[edit]
- Template:Citation/core
- How Does Arctic Sea Ice Form and Decay?. NOAA Arctic theme page. ᏥᏟᏌ April 25, 2005.
- NSIDC Sea ice. All About Sea Ice. ᏥᏟᏌ October 6, 2005.
- Konstantin Y. Vinnikov, Donald J. Cavalieri, ᎠᎴ Claire L. Parkinson, V33, L05704, ᏙᎢ:10.1029/2005GL025282, 2006 [3]
ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ[edit]
ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ[edit]
- Ice in the Sea ayatolv ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Nathaniel Bowditch ᎤᏤᎵ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎠᏜ
- Cryosphere Today : Current Arctic sea ice conditions
- Data source for sea ice picture
- Marine Modeling and Analysis Branch
- Everything you ever wanted to know about sea ice but were afraid to ask
- Animation of the movement of sea ice, September 2003 through May of 2004.
- NSIDC Sea Ice Index
- Arctic summer time: The short summer of 2004 (ᎤᏴᏢ ᎦᏅᎯᏓ ᎠᏓ webcam ᏗᎧᏃᏗᎢ)
- Global Sea Ice Extent and Concentration: What sensors on satellites are telling us about sea ice
- BBC News, 28 September 2005, "Arctic ice 'disappearing quickly'"
