ᎧᎹᎹ

From Wikipedia

?ᎧᎹᎹ

Scientific classification

ᎴᎬᎾᎻ:	gantlaiia
Division:	Rhopalocera
ᏆᎢᎳᎻ:	Arthropoda
ᏗᎦᎪᏗ:	ᏨᏍᎪᏱa
ᎣᎸᏙ:	Lepidoptera

Families

Superfamily Hesperioidea:
- Hesperiidae
Superfamily Papilionoidea:

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᏣᎵ ᏌᏊ ᎯᎠ superfamilies Hesperioidea (ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ) ᎠᎴ Papilionoidea (ᏂᎦᏛ ᏐᎢ butterflies). ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᏪᎵ ᏗᏃᏪᎵᏍᎩ ᏯᏓᎢᏗᏏ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ superfamily Hedyloidea, ᎯᎠ ᏴᏩᏁᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏩᏐᎳ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎥᎴᏂᏙᎲ ᎠᏓᏠᎯᏍᏗ—proceeding ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵl ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupic metamorphisis ᎾᎾᎯ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎪᏢᎯ ᎢᎪᏢᎯ ᎢgᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏧᎸᏌᏓ coloured ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ-ᎩᎳ-ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎤᎭ ᎪᏢᏅᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎦᎦᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎸᏉᏗ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏛ.

ᏴᏫ ᎦᎪ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏂᏢᏗ butterflies (ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᏩᏐᎳ) ᎠᎴ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ lepidopterist ᎠᎴ aurelians.

1 ᎧᏁᏨ
2 ᎧᎹᎹ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ
3 ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ
4 ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lifecycle ᎧᎹᎹ
5 ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ
6 ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ
7 ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, butterflies, ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ
8 ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ
9 ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ
10 ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ
11 ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ butterflies
12 ᎤᏓᏎᎦᏤᏗ ᏗᏕᎬᏔᏛ

[edit] ᎧᏁᏨ

ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎩᎵᏏ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ buttorfleoge ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏘᏉ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ butterflies ᎨᏒᎩ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎦᏃᏍᎩᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏗ. ᎤᏠᏱ ᎧᏁᏨ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Dutch ᎠᎴ ᎠᏓᏥ originating ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏒ. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏬᎯᏳᏅ ᎤᎭ ᎤᏗᏅᏒᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ Ꮝ ᎡᏙᎠ ᏚᏙᎥ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ - ᎧᎹᎹ.

ᏅᎪᏢᎯᏐᏗᏱ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ ᎧᏁᏨ, ᎠᎵᏱᎵᏒ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎡᏆ Britain, ᎨᏒᎢ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ originated ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎪᏢᏅ-coloured tᎥᎦ ᏩᏎᎯᎲᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏛᏙᏗ ᎧᎹᎹ Gonepteryx rhamni, ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. ᎢᎬᏱᎨᏍᏙᏗ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ ᎦᎵᏓᏍᏔᏅ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏨ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎷᏨᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏨᏍᏙᏗ "flutterby".

[edit] ᎧᎹᎹ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ

ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ, microphotography

Butterflies ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ Lepidoptera ᎠᎴ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ (lepidos = ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ pteron = ᎪᏯᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎪᎢ). Butterflies ᎤᎭ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎭᎦᏔ ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎣᏌᏂ ᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎠᎴ coloured ᎠᎴ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎲ ᎬᏂᎲᎢ colours ᎠᎴ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ butterflies ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᎾᏓᏁᎳᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᎸᎾᏍᏗ colours ᎠᎴ camouflage ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ. ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏒᏂᎸ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏂᏴᏫ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏓᏲᎱᏎᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Ꮭ ᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᏅᏏᎾᏒ tᎥᎦ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏯᏛᎾ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ, ᎢᎦᏛ lepidopterans ᎾᏍᎩᏯᎢ ᎯᎠ Clearwing ᏩᏐᎳ (Sesiidae) ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎠᎴ ᏅᏙᎲᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Glasswing ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎣᏏ ᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏓᏁᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ evolutionary ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ, ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏰᎵ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎦᏣᎦᎸᏓ ᎠᎴ tattered ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎤᏣᏘ ᎦᏲᎵᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏲᎱᏎᎸ ᎦᏲᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ. ᎯᎠ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ properties, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, Ꮎ ᎤᏁᏉᏨ ᎧᏃᎮᎸᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎪᏢᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎯᏍᏗ gantlai iyahdvnelidasdi ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎪᎵᏍᏗᏱ ᎯᎠ developmental ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ processes Ꮎ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ.

Butterflies ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᏕᎦᎶᎨᏒ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ, spanning ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, evolutionary ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏙᎾᎥ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ (Boggs ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., 2003). ᎤᏣᏘ ᎯᎠ ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ aposematism ᎠᎴ mimicry ᏚᎴᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ nineteenth ᏍqᎣᎯᏧᏈ ᏧᏕᏘᏴᏗ ᏗᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ lepidopterists ᏚᎾᎦᏎᏍᏛ butterflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏆᎨᏂ. ᎤᎪᏗ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ H. F. Nijhout ᎠᎴ ᎠᏂᏐᎢ ᎤᎭ ᏭᏪᏙᎢ ᎠᏍᏆᏛᎯ ᎾᎿ developmental ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎥᎦᏔᎲᎢ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎯᎠ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ.

[edit] ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ

|ᏌᎪᏂᎨ Morpho, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae

ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ, ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ Australia

Geitoneura klugii]][[Image:Bolboretas Galicia.gif|thumb|right|Butterflies

ᎾᎯᏳᏊ butterflies ᎠᎴ classified ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏔᎵ superfamilies, Hesperioidea, ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏛ ᎯᎠ 'ᎠᏜ' ᎠᎴ Papilionoidea ᎠᎴ 'ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies'. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎸ taxa, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ butterflies ᏂᎦᏛ ᎠᎴ ᏁᎵᏒ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ clade. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ taxonomists ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᏂ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ superfamily Papilionoidea, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ butterflies ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎤᏩᎾᏕᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎪᎯ ᎢᏯhᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ, Papilionoidea ᎤᎾᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Hesperiiformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᏊ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏜ ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Hesperiidae) ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ Papilioniformes (ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ).

[edit] ᎧᎹᎹ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ

ᎯᎠ ᎯᏍᎩ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies ᎤᏠᏱᎭ recognised ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Papilionoidea ᎠᎴ:-

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Papilionidae, ᎯᎠ SwallowtailᎠᎴ Birdwing.
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Pieridae, ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ.
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae, ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Butterflies,
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Riodinidae, ᎯᎠ Metalmark butterflies,
ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ butterflies,

[edit] ᎢᎦᏛ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ/ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ

ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏰᎵ 15,000 ᎠᎴ 20,000 ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ butterflies ᏗᏍᏆᎸᏙᏗ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ yvwatuwidv ᎯᎠ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏠᏯᏍᏛ:-

SwallowtailᎠᎴ Birdwing, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Papilionidae
- ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏓᎶᏂᎨ Swallowtail, Papilio machaon
- Spicebush Swallowtail, Papilio troilus
- ᎪᏍᏚᎤᏁᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ, Papilio demoleus
- Ornithoptera ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ (Birdwings; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᎢᏍᏗ butterflies)
ᎤᏁᎬᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Pieridae
- ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ, Pieris rapae
- ᎢᏤ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ-ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎤᏁᎬ, Pieris napi
- ᏧᏣᏔᏊ ᏄᏁᎸᎾ, Delias eucharis
ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏥᏱ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ-ᎦᏟᏐᏗᎩ Butterflies, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae
- Xerces ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, Glaucopsyche xerces
- Karner ᏌᎪᏂᎨ, Lycaeides melissa samuelis (ᎦᏂᏰᎩ)
- ᎩᎦᎨ Pierrot, Talicada nyseus
Metalmark butterflies, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Riodinidae
- Lange ᎤᏤᎵ Metalmark ᎧᎹᎹ
- ᏆᏄᎾᏍᏗ Judy, Abisara echerius
ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ butterflies, ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae
- ᎦᎶᏁᏛ ᎠᎨᏴ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎭ, Vanessa cardui
- ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ, Danaus plexippus
- Morpho ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ
- ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᎠᏓ, Pararge aegeria

[edit] ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ

Butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎤᏦᎠᏎᏔᏅ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᏐᎢ. ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏫᎦᎶᎯᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎾᎿᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎦᏘᎸᏓ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏎᏱᎩ ᎤᏟ ᎢᏲᏍᏛ ᎠᏓᏅᏖᏍᎬ butterflies ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎢᎦ ᎦᏃᎯᎸᏒ ᏩᏐᎳ.

[edit] Taxonomic ᎠᏯᏙᎯᎲ

ᎠᏂᏯᏩᏍᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᎦᏎᏍᏙᏗ (Wahlberg ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ., 2005) combining morphological ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎠᏍᏆᏛ Ꮎ Hesperiidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᏰᎵᏇ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᎳᏂᎩᏗᏳ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ monophyletic clades, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ Nymphalidae ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᏝᏏᏛ. Lycaenidae ᎠᎴ Riodinidae ᎨᏒᎩ ᎦᎫᏍᏛᏅᎯ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᎸ taxa, ᎠᎴ Papilionidae ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ outgroup ᎯᎠ ᎠᏣᏪᏐᎸᏍᏙᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ butterflies, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎦᎷᎯᏍᏗ Pieridae ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎦᏲᎳᏗᏍᏗ ᏥᏄᏍᏛᎩ unclear, ᎬᏙᏗ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎤᎵᏍᏕᎸᏗ ᎪᎯᏳᏙ ᎠᏂᏁᎢᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᏄᏓᎴᎿᎥ ᎠᏍᏆᏗᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎧᏁᎢᏍᏔᏅ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏩᏐᎳ Hedyloidea ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᎢ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᎾᏓᏛᏂ ᎯᎠ butterflies ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᏐᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ.

ᎢᎦᏛ ᎠᎦᏴᎳᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏯᏓᏁᎸ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ Danaidae, Heliconiidae, Libytheidae ᎠᎴ Satyridae, ᎠᎴ ᎪᎯᏊ ᎢᏴ ᏥᎩ ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ subfamilies ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ Nymphalidae.

[edit] ᎯᎠ ᏅᎩ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lifecycle ᎧᎹᎹ

ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ Butterflies

ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏯᏖᏃ ᎦᏅᏗ butterflies, ᎯᎠ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, butterflies ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎤᎦᏙᎲᏒ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᏍᎩᏂ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎠᎾᎩᏍᏗ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏓᏂᎾᎬ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ (ᎯᎠ imago).

ᎤᏪᏥ
ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ
ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎠᏲᎵ)
ᎤᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹ (imago)

[edit] ᎤᏪᏥ

ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎤᏠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ-ridged outer ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ ᎤᏯᏍᎦ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ ᎯᎠ chorion. ᎪᎯ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏰᎦᎶᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᏌᎨᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᏜ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ ᎠᏥᏄqᎣᏫᏍᎬ ᎤᏓᎷᎸ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎤᎭ ᎠᏰᎲ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎠᏂᎧᎵ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ. ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ ᎤᏪᏥ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᏎᏍᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏟᏍᏗᏱ-ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᏚᎵᏍᏚᎢᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᏌᏊ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ micropyles; ᎯᎠ ᎤᏰᎸᏛᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎯᎠ ᏂᎦᎸᏉᏛᎾ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎵᏍᎪᎸᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᏂᏏᏍᎬ ᎠᏴᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ ᏧᏪᏥ ᏧᏓᎴᎾᎯ ᏰᎵ ᎡᏆᏯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏐᏆᎸ.

ᎧᎹᎹ ᏧᏪᏥ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏛ ᏄᏩᏁᎸ ᎤᎦᎶᎬ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏤᎵᏛ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏚᎾᏓᏁᏤᎸ ᎠᏐᏩᏅᏅ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏪᏥ. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᎯᏗᎨᎢ ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏗᏍᎬ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᏂᎦᎥᎢ ᎤᏪᏥ ᏑᏓᎴᎩ ᏗᏓᎨᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎯᎠ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎧᏁᎳ, ᎠᎴ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ ᎢᏳᏍᏗ ᎧᏃᎮᏗ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏅᎠᏯᏍᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏠᏱ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏗᎦᏂᏴᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎯᎠ cremaster. ᎪᎯ ᏗᎧᏅᏬᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ Ꮎ ᎯᎠ ᏏᎵᎩ ᎤᏚᏃᎯᏍᏔᏍᎧ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏎᏔᎡ ᎠᎴ glued, ᏝᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᏋ separated.

[edit] ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ

Larvae, ᎠᎴ ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ multi-ᎠᏗᏌᏓᏗᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᎲᏍᎬ ᏗᎬᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎪᏘ ᏧᎦᎶᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎤᏠᏱᏊ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏯᏍᏗ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ.

ᏍᎪᏯ ᎠᏁᏍᎩᎸᎥᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎠᏓᏅᏍᏗ, ᎤᏯᏅᎲ instars. ᎾᎥᏂᎨ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ undergoes ᏧᎵᎬᏩᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏯᏅᎲ apolysis, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᏧᏠᎯᏍᏗ chitin ᎠᎴ specialized ᏤᎵ, ᎨᏒᎢ ᏓᏥᏲᏒᎩ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ. ᎾᎾᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᏛ ᎠᏂᏏᏴᏫᎭ instar, ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ moults ᎯᎠ ᎠᎦᏴᎵ ᎠᏰᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎠ ᎢᏤ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ. ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar.

[edit] ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᎳᏩᏛᎲ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ larval ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ

ᎣᏂ instar ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ, Junonia coenia

Butterflies ᎠᏓᏣᎸᏗ ᎯᎠ specialized ᎠᎴ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ ᏚᎾᏓᏚᏓᎸ holometabolous ᎠᏂᏍᎧᏱ, ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ Ꮎ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏗᏯᎦᎸᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ larvae ᎠᎴ dissected, ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᏙᎷᏩᏘᏍᎬ "ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ" ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎠᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏔᎵᏁ ᎠᎴ ᏦᎢᏁ thoracic ᎢᎦᏛ, ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎾᎿᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎢᎦᏛ.

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎤᏙᎷᏬᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏒ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎠᎲᏣᏬᎳᏛ Ꮎ ᏓᏍᏆᎶᏗ ᎨᎳᏛᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴ ᏓᎦtᎤᏫᏍᏔᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ "peripodial ᏫᏚᏳᎪᏛ", ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏓᏟᏌᎲ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᎶᎯᏍᏗ.

ᎪᏯᏛ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎣᏂ larval instar, ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎧᏁᏉᎩ dramatically ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏂᎬᎢ, ᎠᎴ invaded ᎾᎥᎢ ᏴᎩ tracheae ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴᏅᏗdᏒ Ꮎ ᎤᏂᎪᏗᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏪᎳᏅ ᎠᎪᎵᏰᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᏓᎵᎦᎵᏍᏗᏍᎩ, ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ ᎢᎦᏪᏍᏗ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ markers ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᎾᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎤᎾᎵᎪᏅᎯ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏎᎸᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.

ᎾᎥᏂᎨ pupation, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏩᏌᏙᏴ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᎳᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ hemolymph, ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏘᏍᎬ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏩᏂᎨ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏓᏂᎳᎯᎨ, ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ iyuwakodi ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎵ ᏍᏆᎵᏓ ᎠᏎᏊᎢ ᎯᎠ larval ᎠᏰᎵ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᎭ adhered ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎯᎠ outer ᎠᏰᎵ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ obtect pupae). ᎭᏫᏂᏗᏢ ᎢᏧᏟᎶᏛ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏰᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ ᎠᏍᏓᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏔᎴᏒ ᎠᎹᏱ-ᎤᎾᏖᎳᏛᎩ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏰᎸ Ꮎ pupae ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᎤᏑᏰᏒ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᏢ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏱᏙᎸᎩ ᏄᏠᏯᏍᏛᎾ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ.

Pupation Inachis io]]

ᎠᏲᎵ ᏰᎵ ᎤᏝᏅᏛ Fritillary

[edit] ᎠᏲᎵ

ᎯᎳᎪ ᎢᏳ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎦᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᏭᏍᏗᎬᎢ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ ᎾᎾᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏫᎵ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎴᏅᏗ "ᏓᎦᏘᎴᎬ" ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎤᏂᎦᏛᎲᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏗᎾᏙᎳᎩ pupation ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ, ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎯᎠ underside ᎤᎦᎶᎬ. ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎠᏲᎵ (ᎠᏲᎵ), ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏧᎾᏍᏗ. ᏧᎾᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏂᎶᏁᏍᎬ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎯᎠ ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᎾᎯ ᎡᏆ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ usable ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ, ᎯᎠ pupal ᎪᏯᏛ ᏂᎦᎵᏍᏔᏂᏙᎲ ᎦᏣᏄᎳ mitosis ᎠᎴ ᎠᎧᏲᏙᏗ ᎡᏆ ᏗᏓᏅᏓᏁᏗᏱ nutrients. ᎢᏳᏃ ᏌᏊ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ surgically ᎠᎲᏓ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎾᎿ, ᎯᎠ ᏐᎢ ᏦᎢ ᏫᎵ ᎠᏛᏍᎬ ᎡᏆᎯᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ, ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ Ꮎ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎢ ᎭᏫᏂ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏇᏅᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎢᏴᎢ ᏚᎵᏍᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎠᏛᏍᎦ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮎ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎤᎵᏍᏓᎯᎨ ᎾᏍᏋ unfolded Ꮝ ᎧᎵ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏂᎬᎢ. ᎯᎸᏍᎩ boundaries ᎠᎪᎲᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎪᏪᎳᏅᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᎦᏁᏟᏴᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎦᏪᏛ ᎾᏍᎩᎾ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏃᏢᎩ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏒ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏲᎵ.

ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᏓᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎬᏔᏅᎯ

[edit] ᎤᏔᎾ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ Imago

ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᎾ, sexually ᎤᏩᎾᏒ ᎤᏛᏒ, ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎾᏅᏛ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ imago. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ Lepidoptera, butterflies ᎤᎭ ᏅᎩ ᎪᏯᏛ Ꮎ ᎠᎴ ᎫᏝᎢ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏄᏓᎨᏒ (ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ), ᎠᎴ, ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᏩᏐᎳ, ᎯᎠ ᎠᎬᏱᏗᏢ- ᎠᎴ hindwings ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎢᏧᎳ, ᎤᏁᎳᎩ ᎡᎵᏒᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎠᏓᏙᎵᏍᏗ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ; ᎯᎠ ᎠᏲᎵ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎤᎭ ᏑᏓᎵ ᎤᏙᎯᏳ ᏗᏂᏅᏍᎨᏂ ᎠᎴ ᏎᏍᏗ prolegs. ᎤᎶᏐᏅ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏗᏓᏲᎯᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ Ꮝ pupal ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ ᎠᏲᏓᏜᎥ, ᎾᏍᎩ ᏝᏰᎵ tvga ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ, ᎢᎬᏂᏏᏍᎩ Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎤᎭ ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᎩᎳ unfolded. ᏧqᎠᎫᏔᏅᏒ-emerged ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏚᎸᏗ ᏄᎾᏛᏅ ᎤᏩᏍᎬ ᎢᎦᏛ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ 'inflating' Ꮝ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎬᏙᏗ ᎩᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᎵᏍᎪᎸᏘᏍᎬ ᎠᏂ ᎤᎧᏲᏗ, ᎾᎯᏳᎨᏒ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎨᏒᎢ ᏭᎶᏒᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏂᏰᎩ predator.

ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎡᎶᎯ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎪᏯᏛ

[edit] ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ butterflies ᎬᏂᎨᏒ ᏂᎬᏅ ᎠᏯᏖᎾ ᎠᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ - ᎤᏃᏴᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎸᎳᏗᎨᏍᏗ ᎬᎪᏩᏛᏗ morphological ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏙᏢᏒ ᏧᎾᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏴᏫ, varieties, polymorph ᎠᎨᏴ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, mimetic ᏚᏙᏢᏒ, sexual dimorphism, ᏙᏯᏗᏢ ᎢᏗᎦᏘᎭ ᏚᏙᏢᏒ ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᏰᎸ ᎠᏑᏰᏗ ᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓ ᏅᏬᏘ ᎠᎴ ᎤᏍᏗ sexual ᎢᎦᏛᎭ.

ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎠᎴ sexually dimorphic.

Batesian mimicry ᎠᎴ Mullerian mimicry ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ butterflies ᎨᏒᎢ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ.

ᎠᏛᎯᏍᏙᏗ abnormalities ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ gynandromorphᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ ᎢᏳᏩᎪᏗ.

[edit] ᎢᏳᎾᏛᏁᎵᏓᏍᏗ

Butterflies ᎠᎴᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎢᎬᏱᏗᏢ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᎢᎦᏛ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᏗᎫᎪᏔᏅ ᎠᎵᏍᏓᏴᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ pollen, ᏡᎬ ᎠᏔᏍᎩᏍᎬ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎠᎴ dissolved ᎪᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ ᎾᏳ ᎠᎴ ᎦᏓ. Butterflies ᏗᏁᎶᏗ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ecological ᎠᏛᏁᎵᏍᎩ ᎤᏍᏆᎸᎡᎲ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ pollinator.

Antennae ᎤᏙᏢᏒᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎯᎠ lepidoptera ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ C. T. Bingham (1905)

ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎤᏔᎾ, butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏰᎵᏆ ᎢᏯᏛᏁᏗ ᎤᏲᏨᎯ ᎦᎾ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎤᏩᏒ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎤᏅᏔᏂᏓᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎯ. ᎤᏅᏌ ᏂᎦᏛ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ ᎨᎳᏍᏙᏗ ᎾᎿ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎠᎹ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches. ᎪᎯ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎿᏛᎦ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎠᎹ, ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏄᎵᏂᎬᎬ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎧᎵᏎᏥ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎠᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎠᎴ ᏐᎢ ᎪᎢ ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏭᎵᏍᎨᏗᏴᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ.

ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᎢᏧᎳᎭ ᏗᏂᏱᎴᎩ butterflies ᎤᏚᎳᏗ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᏙᎢ ᎬᎾᏬᏍᎬ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅ ᎾᎥᎢ ᎯᎠ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᏗᏔᏍᏗ ᏂᏛᎴᏅᏓ ᎠᏂᏥᎸᏍᎩ. ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏯᏛᎿ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᎠᎴ attracted ᎯᎠ ᏙᎢ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᎠᎹ (ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎢᏳᏓᎵᎭ ᎠᏓᏁᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎠᎨᏴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ). ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎠᎵᎠᎷ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎨᏐ ᎦᏛᎬᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᎠᎹ, ᎤᏅᏌ ᏱᏓᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎿ ᏴᏫ.

ᎾᏍᎩ ᏂᏗᎨᏒᎾ ᎦᏚᎵᏓ patches, ᎢᎦᏛ butterflies ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ ᎠᏓᏩᏛᎯᏓᏍᏗ ᎦᎳᏅᎯ, ᎦᎳᏅᎯ ᎤᏓᏔᏅ ᎠᎩᏍᏗ ᎠᎴ carcasses ᎣᏤᎵ ᎢᎬᏁᎯ ᎯᎠ ᎤᎵᏍᎨᏛ ᎪᎢ Ꮎ ᎤᏅᏌ ᎤᏚᎳᏗ.

Butterflies ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏗ ᎯᎠ ᎤᏃᎴ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎦᏩᏒᎬ, ᎦᏃᎸᎥᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎣᎦᎾᎯᏎᏗ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ antennae. ᎯᎠ antennae ᎦᎷᏨ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᎦᎶᏄᎮᏛ ᎠᎴ colours. ᎯᎠ hesperids ᎤᎭ ᏭᏎᎸ ᏓᏍᏓᏅᏅ ᏚᎷᏨ ᎠᎴ ᏑᏗ ᎯᎠ antennae.

ᎢᎦᏛ butterflies, ᏯᏛᎿ ᏥᏄᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ ᎧᎹᎹ, ᎠᎴ ᎥᎢᏒᎢ.

[edit] ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ, butterflies, ᎠᎴ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ

ᏧᏓᎴᎿᎢ ᎤᎪᏗᏗ ᏐᎢ ᎠᏁᎳ ᎯᎠ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎡᎶᎯ, ᎯᎠ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ ᎧᎹᎹ ᏰᎵᏇ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏗᎪᏏᏌᏅᎯ ᎢᎦᎢ (ᎠᎴ ᎾᎥᏂᎨᏍᏙᏗ ᎧᎵ ᏗᏙᎳᎩ) ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᎠᎵᏏᎾᎯᏍᏗ-ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ, ᎬᏙᏗ-ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎯᎠ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎠᎾᎵᏐᏈᎸᏍᎬ ᎧᎹᎹ ᎤᏤᎵ ᎪᏯᏛ ᎨᏒᎢ ᎤᎵᎶᎯ ᎾᏍᏋ ᏄᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᎸ ᎬᏗᏍᎬᎢ ᏌᎨᎢ airfoil ᎪᎷᏩᏛᏗ. ᎯᎠ ᏒᏃᏱ ᎡᎯ ᏅᏙ ᎯᎠ ᎪᏯᏛ ᏄᏓᎴ ᏂᎨᏒᎾ ᏧᏂᎸᏫᏍᏓᏁᏗ ᎦᏌᏙᏯᏍᏗ ᎯᎠ Kutta ᏄᏍᏗᏓᏅ ᎡᎳᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ ᎠᏥᎸ ᎠᏓᏪᎳᎩᏍᎩ. ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎤᏟ ᎢᎦᎢ ᎤᏎᎸᎩ ᎢᎬᏁᏗ ᏄᏍᏛ ᏗᎧᏃᏗ, ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᏨᏍᎪᏱ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ.

[edit] ᏗᎦᏟᏌᏅᎯ ᏗᏟᎶᏍᏔᏅ

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Papilionidae- ᎯᎠ Swallowtails

Scarce Swallowtail,
Iphiclides podalirius.

Palawan Birdwing,
Troides trojana.

Cairns Birdwing,
Ornithoptera priamus.

Blue Mormon,
Papilio polymnestor.

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Pieridae - ᎯᎠ ᎤᏁᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎦᎳᏩᏎᏗ

Green-veined White,
Pieris napi.

The Orange Tip,
Anthocharis cardamines.

Common Jezebel,
Delias eucharis.

Common Brimstone,
Gonepteryx rhamni.

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Riodinidae - ᎯᎠ Metalmarks, Punches ᎠᎴ Judies

Punchinello,
Zemeros flegyas

Tailed Judy,
Abisara neophron

Lange's Metalmark.

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Nymphalidae - ᎯᎠ ᎦᏄᎪᏅᏙᏗ-ᎦᏣᏄᎳ Butterflies

Monarch Butterfly, The Monarch, Danaus plexippus the most widely known danaine butterfly.	Common Nawab, Polyura athamas, a charaxine Nymphalid from India.	Morpho rhetenor helena a morphiine from South America.	Julia Heliconian, Dryas julia.
Sara Longwing, Heliconius sara a heliconine nymphalid.	Glasswing butterfly, Greta oto.	Lorquin's Admiral, Limenitis lorquini a limenitidine nymphalid.	Leopard Lacewing, Cethosia cyane of subfamily Cyrestinae.
Peacock Butterfly, Inachis io.	Comma Butterfly, Polygonia c-album.	Common Buckeye, Junonia coenia.	Crimson Patch, Chlosyne janais.

ᏏᏓᏁᎸᎯ Lycaenidae - ᎯᎠ ᎧᏂᎬᎾᎥ

Red Pierrot,
Talicada nyseus.

Small Copper,
Lycaena phlaeas.

Monkey Puzzle,
Rathinda amor.

Banded Blue Pierrot,
Discolampa ethion.

[edit] ᎠᎪᏩᏛᏗ ᎾᏍᎩ ᎾᏍᏇ

[edit] ᏫᏓᏎᎸᎢ

Template:Aut 1905. gantlai ᎩᎵᏏ ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ. Butterflies. ᎦᏟᏌᏅ ᎪᏪᎵ 1.
Template:Aut 2003. Butterflies: ᎠᏓᎴᏂᏍᎬ ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎠᎩᏍᎬᎢ ᎤᎳᏫᏛᏓ. ᏗᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ Chicago ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ, Chicago, USA.
Template:Aut 1998. ᏗᏓᎴᎾᏔᏅ ᏗᎦᏘᏌᏅᎩ Lepidoptera. Holarctic Lepidoptera, Suppl. 1.
Template:Aut. 1992. ᎥᎢᏒᎢ ᎾᏍᎩᎾᎢ ᎧᎹᎹ Watchers. Houghton Mifflin. ᎠᎴᏅᏔᏅ ᎦᎴᏴᏔᏅᎯ, 1984. ISBN 0-395-61629-8
Template:Aut 2005. ᎠᎵᎪᏒ ᏄᎵᏍᏔᏅ combining morphological ᎠᎴ ᎠᏍᏓᏩᏛᏍᏗ ᎾᎯᏳ ᎢᎪᎯ ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ resolving ᎯᎠ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ butterflies ᎠᎴ ᎠᏜ. ᎠᎯᎵᏒ ᎯᎠ ᎠᏥᎸᏉᏗ ᏴᏫ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, ᎧᏁᏉᎥᎢ ᎤᏠᏱᎭ B (Biological agatohvsdi) 272, 1577-1586.

[edit] ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ butterflies

Lepidoptera

Butterflies ᎤᏴᏢ ᎠᎺᎵᎨ, Jim P. Brock ᎠᎴ Kenn Kaufman (2003)
Butterflies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᎧᎸᎬ, Jeffrey Glassberg (1999)
Butterflies ᏗᎬᏩᎶᏒ ᏗᎦᏙᏗ: ᎯᎠ ᏭᏕᎵᎬ, Jeffrey Glassberg (2001)
ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎧᎸᎬᎢᏗᏢ Butterflies, Paul Opler (1994)
ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏭᏕᎵᎬᏗᏢ Butterflies, Paul Opler (1999)
Peterson ᎢᎬᏱ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ Butterflies ᎠᎴ ᏩᏐᎳ, Paul Opler (1994)
Las Mariposas ᏧᎬᏩᎶᏗ ᎠᎦᏘᏯ Machu Picchu ᎾᎥᎢ Gerardo ᏄᎬᏫᏳᏌᏕᎩ (2003)
ᎯᎠ ᎠᎴᏫᏍᏙᏗ ᎠᏓᏁᎳᏅᎯ Butterflies ᎭᏫᎾᏗᏢ Britain ᎠᎴ Ireland ᎾᎥᎢ Jim Asher (ᏗᎦᎴᏴᏗᏍᎩ), ᎠᏃᏪᎵᏍᎬ ᎦᎾᏄᎪᏫᏒ.
ᎠᏜᏩᏛ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎯᎠ Butterflies ᎡᏆ Britain ᎠᎴ Ireland ᎾᎥᎢ Richard Lewington
Butterflies Britain ᎠᎴ Europe (Collins Wildlife ᎰᏩ ᎠᏰᎸᏗ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ) ᎾᎥᎢ Michael Chinery
Butterflies Europe ᎾᎥᎢ ᏗᏂᏤᎷᎯᏍᎩ Tolman ᎠᎴ Richard Lewington (2001)
Butterflies Europe ᎢᏤ ᏠᎨᏏ ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏚᎢᏍᏗ ᎾᎥᎢ Tristan Lafranchis (2004)
Butterflies Sikkim Himalaya ᎠᎴ ᎤᎾᏤᎵ ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎾᎥᎢ Meena Haribal (1994).
Butterflies Peninsular ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ ᎾᎥᎢ Krushnamegh Kunte, Universities ᏗᏂᎴᏱᏗᏍᎩ (2005).
Butterflies ᎯᎠ ᎠᏴᏫᏯ ᎤᏔᏂᏗ ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ Col M. . Wynter-Blyth, Bombay ᏂᎬᏩᏍᏛ ᎧᏃᎮᏍᎩ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ, Mumbai, ᎠᎹ ᎦᏄᎪᎬ (1957).
ᎠᏓᏎᎮᏗ ᏧᏣᏔᏊ Butterflies Singapore ᎾᎥᎢ Steven ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ ᎯᏁᎩ Hian (Singapore agatohvsdi Centre)
Butterflies ᏭᏕᎵᎬ Malaysia ᎠᎴ Singapore ᎾᎥᎢ W..Fleming. (Longman Malaysia)
ᎯᎠ Butterflies ᎯᎠ Malay ᎦᏙᎯ ᎾᎥᎢ .. Corbet ᎠᎴ H. M. Pendlebury. (ᎯᎠ Malayan ᎤᏁᎳᏅ ᎤᏬᏢᏅ ᎤᎾᏙᏢᎯ)
F. Nemos: Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen. Oestergaard Verlag, Berlin, ca. 1895, http://hdl.handle.net/10013/epic.28790.d001 (pdf, 77 MB).

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